Part X · Contents of Writings, Recordings, and Photographs
Rule 1004. Admissibility of Other Evidence of Contents
Amended January 1, 2025 (current)
An original is not required and other evidence of the content of a writing, recording, photograph, or video is admissible if:
(a) all the originals are lost or destroyed, and not by the proponent acting in bad faith;
(b) an original cannot be obtained by any available judicial process;
(c) the party against whom the original would be offered had control of the original; was at that time put on notice, by pleadings or otherwise, that the original would be a subject of proof at the trial or hearing; and fails to produce it at the trial or hearing; or
(d) the writing, recording, photograph, or video is not closely related to a controlling issue.